Physical Exercise and Dietary Supplementation in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Systematic Review.

With the aging of the population in developed countries, the number of middle-aged and older women is progressively increasing. During this stage, women suffer from a number of signs and symptoms that could be reduced or treated with physical exercise and dietary supplements. The main objective of this study was to analyse the benefits of exercise and dietary supplements during menopause. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 protocol, searching the PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and WOS databases. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro or AMSTAR-2 scales. RESULTS: The searches yielded a total of 104 results, of which 10 were selected, with methodological quality ranging from fair to excellent. Each article examined the combination of a dietary supplement plan versus a placebo; plus an exercise routine versus another routine or a sedentary lifestyle. The results showed the benefits of combining a nutritional supplementation plan with an exercise routine during menopause. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of weekly strength and endurance exercises, together with the consumption of certain dietary supplements, may be a good resource for coping with menopause in a healthy way.

La medicalización de los servicios de salud y la publicidad masiva de medicamentos en la automedicación y la polifarmacia

La medicalización de los servicios de salud y la publicidad masiva de medicamentos en la automedicación y la polifarmacia son temas relevantes de interés mundial. Se encuentran vinculados a la calidad de vida, el deterioro de la salud, la funcionalidad, la autonomía y los actuales modelos económicos y de salud pública. Estos mal manejados perpetúan un círculo perjudicial que trasciende las políticas públicas, las naciones y la sociedad en su conjunto. Ambos modifican el pronóstico de las enfermedades de base (transmisibles o no transmisibles), las comorbilidades, y los procesos farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos, cambian su índice terapéutico, y su relación entre las concentraciones para producir efectos terapéuticos o tóxicos. Ejemplos como la insuficiencia renal atribuida al consumo frecuente de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la suspensión de metformina en personas adultas mayores con un filtrado glomerular < 30 ml/min o la presencia de comorbilidades.

The medicalization of health services and the massive advertising of drugs in self-medication and polypharmacy are relevant issues of global interest. They are linked to the quality of life, deterioration of health and current autonomy of the economic and public health models. The medicalization of poorly managed services perpetuates a harmful circle that transcends public policies, modifying the prognosis of underlying communicable and non-communicable diseases, comorbidities, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. As a result of these problems, alterations appear in the therapeutic index and its relationship between concentrations to produce therapeutic or toxic effects. This global problem of polypharmacy in public health mainly affects the elderly.

Correlación entre las pruebas de antígeno prostático específico rápida y sérica / Correlation between rapid and serum prostate-specific antigen tests

Introducción: Al día de hoy no se ha alcanzado un consenso sobre el mejor enfoque para realizar el tamizaje y la detección precoz del Cáncer de Próstata (CaP), en la población. No obstante, hay programas que recomiendan la utilización de la prueba de antígeno prostático específico rápida para la detección de CaP sin un análisis de correlación frente a la prueba sérica. Objetivo: Identificar la correlación entre las pruebas de antígeno prostático específico rápida y sérica, en la población mexicana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, bajo un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. En el período comprendido entre el 25 de mayo al 13 de julio de 2017. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación punto biserial (r pb ) y phi (r phi ). Resultados: Se incluyeron 1 635 registros, principalmente de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de México (n= 1 398; 85,5 por ciento, IC95 por ciento 81-89,9). La edad promedio fue de 51 años (DE= 7,68). El valor promedio de antígeno prostático sérico fue de 1,49 ng/mL (DE= 1,91). La proporción de hombres con una prueba rápida positiva (n=60; 3,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 2,9-4,6) fue menor (p= 0,0415) en comparación con la proporción de pacientes con una prueba sérica ≥ 4 ng/mL (n=85; 5,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 4,1-6,3). El número de casos dobles negativos fue de 1 530 (93,6 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 92,3-94,6) y de dobles positivos fue de 40 (2,4 por ciento; IC95 por ciento1,7-3,2). Los coeficientes de correlación punto biserial y phi mostraron una correlación baja entre la prueba rápida y la prueba sérica de antígeno prostático (rpb= 0,469; p < 0,001; r2= 0,2199 y r ph i= 0,540; p < 0,001; r2= 0,2916). Conclusiones: La prueba de antígeno prostático específico rápida es una herramienta conveniente para los programas de detección de alteración prostática en unidades médicas del primer nivel de atención, donde la prueba sérica no se puede realizar, al ser una prueba con una baja sensibilidad y con un bajo coeficiente de correlación respecto de la prueba de antígeno prostático específico sérica, esto es un punto importante que debe considerarse al diseñar programas de detección oportuna de cáncer de próstata(AU)

Introduction: To date, no consensus has been reached on the best approach for screening and early detection of Prostate Cancer (PCa) in the population. However, there are programs recommending the use of the rapid prostate-specific antigen test for the detection of PCa without a correlation analysis versus the serum test. Objective: To identify the correlation between rapid and serum prostate specific antigen tests in the Mexican population. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out, under a non-probabilistic convenience sampling from May 25 to July 13, 2017. The correlation coefficients of point biserial (rpb) and phi (rphi) were calculated. Results: One thousand six hundred thirty five (1,635) records were included, mainly from Mexico City and the State of Mexico (n= 1,398; 85.5 percent, 95 percent CI 81-89.9). The average age was 51 years (SD= 7.68). The mean value of serum prostate antigen was 1.49 ng/ml (SD= 1.91). The proportion of men with positive rapid test (n=60; 3.7 percent; 95 percent CI 2.9-4.6) was lower (p= 0.0415) compared to the proportion of patients with a serum test ≥ 4 ng/ml (n= 85; 5.2 percent; 95 percent CI 4.1-6.3). The number of double negative cases was 1,530 (93.6 percent; CI95 percent 92.3-94.6) and of double positives was 40 (2.4 percent; CI95 percent 1.7-3.2). The point biserial and phi correlation coefficients showed low correlation between the rapid test and the serum prostate antigen test (rpb= 0.469; p < 0.001; r2= 0.2199 and rphi= 0.540; p < 0.001; r2= 0. 2916). Conclusions: The rapid prostate-specific antigen test is a convenient tool for prostatic alteration detection programs in primary care medical units, where the serum test cannot be performed, however, as it is a test with low sensitivity and with low correlation coefficient with respect to serum prostate-specific antigen testing, this is an important point to consider when designing prostate cancer early detection programs(AU)

Need for public health policies in the elderly population: indicators of aging in a Social Security Institute in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

Bacteriological quality of bottled water obtained from Mexico City small water purification plants: Incidence and identification of potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria species.

The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality of bottled water samples obtained from small purification plants located in Mexico City and to identify potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species found in these samples. All 111 samples analyzed were positive for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) and 46 (41.4%) did not comply with Mexico's Official Guidelines. Sixty-nine (62.1%) and 23 (20.7%) water samples were positive for total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC), respectively. A total of 81 (72.9%) of the water samples exceeded the maximum allowed limit stipulated in the guideline. Thirty-three (29.7%) of the purified water samples were positive for NTM, being recovered a total of 40 isolates. These NTM isolates were identified using three molecular markers (hsp65, rrs and rpoB genes) which corresponded to the fast-growing mycobacteria M. chelonae (n = 12), M. porcinum (n = 8), M. senegalense (n = 5), M. abscessus (n = 4), M. septicum (n = 4), M. wolinskyi (n = 3), M. mucogenicum (n = 2), M. fortuitum (n = 1) and M. sp. (n = 1). In seven purified water samples, two different NTM species were isolated simultaneously. Overall, these results showed that most of the purified bottled water samples analyzed in this study had unsatisfactory microbiological quality and some harbored NTM associated with illness. Our data could hasten health authorities to intensify efforts in the routine monitoring of activities in the purified bottled water industry in order to supply safe and healthy water to the public.

[Necesidad de políticas de salud pública en población adulta mayor: indicadores de envejecimiento en un Instituto de Seguridad Social en México].

INTRODUCTION: An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un diagnóstico integral de población contempla dentro de sus componentes el análisis demográfico poblacional, que es indispensable en la formulación de las políticas públicas. La política de población tiene una naturaleza claramente transversal, pues todas las acciones en los ámbitos económico, social, político, cultural, geográfico, y obviamente, el demográfico, repercuten de una manera directa o indirecta en ella. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la dinámica poblacional y el crecimiento global de la población adulta mayor (PAM) de 60 años y más. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo. La información se obtuvo de los anuarios estadísticos institucionales del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México (de 1999-2015). Se analizaron varios indicadores demográficos de envejecimientoDE). RESULTADOS: Se observó un incremento constante en puntos porcentuales en la proporción de PAM, el índice de envejecimiento, la razón de dependencia demográfica de la vejez, índice global de dependencia, índice dependencia de viejos e índice de estructura de la población activa (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 y 31.2%, respectivamente). El indicador global de ancianidad y el índice de masculinidad mostraron una disminución (0.6 y 3.1%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos aportan evidencia que sugiere modificar y generar políticas públicas acordes a la PAM.

Necesidad de políticas de salud pública en población adulta mayor: indicadores de envejecimiento en un Instituto de Seguridad Social en México / Need for public health policies in the elderly population: indicators of aging in a Social Security Institute in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Un diagnóstico integral de población contempla dentro de sus componentes el análisis demográfico poblacional, que es indispensable en la formulación de las políticas públicas. La política de población tiene una naturaleza claramente transversal, pues todas las acciones en los ámbitos económico, social, político, cultural, geográfico, y obviamente, el demográfico, repercuten de una manera directa o indirecta en ella. Objetivos: Determinar la dinámica poblacional y el crecimiento global de la población adulta mayor (PAM) de 60 años y más. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo. La información se obtuvo de los anuarios estadísticos institucionales del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México (de 1999-2015). Se analizaron varios indicadores demográficos de envejecimientoDE). Resultados: Se observó un incremento constante en puntos porcentuales en la proporción de PAM, el índice de envejecimiento, la razón de dependencia demográfica de la vejez, índice global de dependencia, índice dependencia de viejos e índice de estructura de la población activa (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 y 31.2%, respectivamente). El indicador global de ancianidad y el índice de masculinidad mostraron una disminución (0.6 y 3.1%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Nuestros datos aportan evidencia que sugiere modificar y generar políticas públicas acordes a la PAM.

Abstract Introduction: An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. Objectives: To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. Results: There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). Conclusions: Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

Evaluación de la Escala EFD-66 como herramienta para predecir la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles

Objetivo. Los objetivos del presente estudio son validar la construcción de la escala de fases de duelo (EFD-66) como instrumento para medir las etapas de duelo (ED) y evaluar su utilidad para discriminar entre pacientes con enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT) que cumplen con adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico (ATF) en la consulta médica ambulatoria. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar la asociación entre las ED y la ATF, en los meses de abril a octubre de 2015. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante un diseño prolectivo. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos: una cédula sociodemográfica, la escala EFD-66 y el cuestionario de Morisky-Green. Se reclutaron pacientes con antecedente de ECNT procedentes de la Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Gustavo A. Madero”, en la Ciudad de México. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas estadísticas apropiadas. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 165 pacientes. Se observó que altos puntajes en las subescalas de negación (razón de momios [RM]: 1,124; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 1,066-1,186; P < 0,001), de ira (RM: 1,157; IC95%: 1,080-1,240; P < 0,001) y de depresión (RM: 1,071; IC95%: 1,029-1,116; P = 0,001) se asocian con falta de ATF; sin embargo, un puntaje elevado en la subescala de aceptación (RM: 0,913; IC95%: 0,880-0,948; P < 0,001) se asocia con ATF. La mayor sensibilidad entre las subescalas se observó en las etapas de negación e ira (área bajo la curva [ABC]: 0,597 en ambas). Conclusiones. La EFD-66 es un instrumento que presenta una buena validez de construcción como instrumento para medir las ED y permite detectar pacientes con ECNT que cumplen con ATF, por lo que recomendamos su aplicación en la consulta médica ambulatoria. Además, nuestros hallazgos indican que el duelo es un factor de riesgo que incrementa la falta de ATF.

Objective. The objectives of this study are to validate the construct of the stages of grief scale (FD-66) as an instrument for measuring the stages of grief and to evaluate its usefulness in discriminating among patients with chronic non-communicable diseases in terms of adherence to the pharmacological treatment prescribed. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2015 to determine the association between the stages of grief and treatment adherence. Data were collected using a prolective design. Three instruments were applied: a sociodemographic document, the FD-66 scale, and the Morisky-Green questionnaire. Patients with a history of CNCDs were recruited from the Gustavo A. Madero Family Medicine Clinic in Mexico City. The data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tests. Results. A total of 165 patients were included. It was observed that high scores on the subscales of denial (odds ratio [OR]: 1.124; confidence interval of 95% [CI95%]: 1.066-1.186; P < 0,001); anger (OR: 1.157; CI95%: 1.080-1.240; P < 0.001), and depression (OR: 1.071; CI95%: 1.029-1.116; P = 0.001) are associated with poor treatment adherence; however, a high score on the acceptance subscale (OR: 0.913; CI95%: 0.880-0.948; P < 0.001) is associated with good treatment adherence. The greatest sensitivity among the subscales was observed in the denial and anger stages (area under the [ABC] curve: 0.597 in both). Conclusions. The FD-66 is an instrument with good construct validity as a tool for measuring the stages of grief and makes it possible to identify patients with CNCD that will adhere to treatment. We therefore recommend its use in outpatient medical consultations. Furthermore, our findings indicate that grief is a risk factor that increases poor treatment adherence.

Objetivo. Validar a construção da Escala facial de dor (EFD-66) como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e avaliar sua utilidade para discriminar, na consulta médica ambulatorial, os pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) que aderem ao tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos. Estudo transversal para determinar a associação entre as fases da dor e o tratamento medicamentoso conduzido de abril a outubro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada prospectivamente. Foram aplicados três instrumentos: uma ficha sociodemográfica, a escala EFD-66 e o teste de Morisky-Green. Foram recrutados pacientes com história de DCNT provenientes da Clínica de Medicina da Família “Gustavo A. Madero”, na Cidade do México. Os dados foram analisados com os testes estatísticos apropriados. Resultados. Foi estudada uma amostra de 165 pacientes. Observou-se que uma pontuação alta nas subescalas de negação (odds ratio [OR] 1,124; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,066–1,186; P < 0,001), raiva (OR 1,157; IC95% 1,080–1,240; P < 0,001) e depressão (OR 1,071; IC95% 1,029–1,116; P = 0,001) está associada à não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. No entanto, uma pontuação alta na subescala de aceitação (OR 0,913; IC95% 0,880–0,948; P < 0,001) está associada à adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. As subescalas com maior sensibilidade foram as fases de negação e raiva (área sob a curva [ASC]: 0,597 em ambas). Conclusões. A escala EFD-66 tem boa validade de construção como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e permite discriminar os pacientes com DCNT que aderem ao tratamento medicamentosos. Assim, recomendamos que esta escala seja aplicada em consultas médicas ambulatoriais. Além disso, nossos achados indicam que a dor é um fator de risco que contribui para a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso.

New model for diabetes primary health care based on patient empowerment and the right to preventive health: the MIDE program

Objective. To evaluate Mexico’s national Integrated Management of Diabetes in Stages (Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas, MIDE) program using three types of indicators: process, structure, and impact. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data for 97 452 people with diabetes (PWD) who participated in the MIDE patient empowerment program (PEP) at “MIDE modules” (standardized diabetes health care units) at Mexico’s Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE) hospital clinics and family medical clinics nationwide between 2007 and 2014. The program promotes diabetes patient empowerment and self-care through outpatient consultations with a multidisciplinary health care team supported by continuous training. Baseline data were compared with results post-program for the following indicators: process (metabolic control (MetC), based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels); structure (number of MIDE modules installed at ISSSTE clinics and number of patients/health personnel accredited as diabetes experts/awarded diplomas); and impact (average number of patient illness days (IDs) and hospitalization episodes (HEs) per PWD over a 12-month period). Results. Over the seven-year study period, the proportion of patients with MetC (HbA1c < 7.0%, TG < 150 mg/dL, and TC < 200 mg/dL) increased significantly (from 35.4% to 60% (with a peak level of 62% in 2013); P < 0.001); average HbA1c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol per PWD dropped by 25%, 31%, and 11% respectively; average number of IDs and HEs per PWD over a 12-month period dropped by 38% and 41% respectively; a total of 140 MIDE modules were installed at ISSSTE clinics; and a total of 1 117 diplomas were awarded to 826 health professionals, and 2 613 PWD were accredited as “patient experts in diabetes.” Conclusions. The MIDE PEP is feasible, usable, and acceptable to PWD. The program improves MetC; reduces the frequency of IDs and HEs; and facilitates patient participation, the involvement of health personnel, and shared decision-making.

Objetivo: Evaluar el programa nacional mexicano “Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas” (MIDE) usando tres tipos de indicadores: proceso, estructura e impacto. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con los datos de 97 452 personas con diabetes que participaron entre el 2007 y el 2014 en el programa de empoderamiento de pacientes de MIDE que se llevó a cabo en los “módulos del MIDE” (unidades estandarizadas de atención de salud de diabetes) en el Instituto de Servicios y de Seguridad Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) de México, además de en consultorios de hospitales y centros de medicina familiar de todo el país. El programa promueve el empoderamiento y el autocuidado en los pacientes con diabetes mediante consultas ambulatorias con un equipo de atención de salud multidisciplinario complementadas con talleres de capacitación continua. Se compararon los datos iniciales y los resultados al final del programa con respecto a los siguientes indicadores: proceso (control metabólico basado en análisis de los niveles de glucohemoglobina [HbA1c], triglicéridos y colesterol total); estructura (número de módulos del MIDE instalados en clínicas del ISSSTE y número de pacientes y personal de salud acreditado como experto en diabetes o que ha obtenido un certificado); e impacto (número promedio de días enfermos de los pacientes y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses). Resultados. En el período de estudio de siete años, la proporción de pacientes con control metabólico (HbA1c < 7,0%, triglicéridos < 150 mg/dL y colesterol total < 200 mg/dL) aumentó significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, con un nivel máximo de 62% en 2013; P < 0,001); el nivel promedio de HbA1c, triglicéridos y colesterol total por persona con diabetes descendió en 25%, 31% y 11% respectivamente; el número promedio de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses descendió en 38% y en 41% respectivamente; se instalaron un total de 140 módulos del MIDE en clínicas del ISSSTE, y se otorgaron un total de 1117 certificados a 826 profesionales de la salud y 2613 personas con diabetes fueron acreditados como “paciente experto en diabetes”. Conclusiones. El programa de empoderamiento de pacientes del MIDE es un programa factible y aceptable para utilizarse con las personas con diabetes. El programa mejora los valores del control metabólico; reduce la frecuencia de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones; y facilita la participación tanto de los pacientes como del personal de salud, así como la toma de decisiones compartida.

Objetivo. Avaliar o Programa de manejo integral de diabetes por etapas (MIDE) no México segundo três tipos de indicadores: processo, estrutura e impacto. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados de 97.452 pessoas com diabetes (PD) que participaram do Programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente em “módulos” designados (unidades de saúde que prestam atenção padronizada à diabetes) de ambulatórios hospitalares e centros de medicina da família do Instituto de Serviços e Seguridade Social dos Trabalhadores do Estado (ISSSTE) entre 2007 e 2014. O programa promove o empoderamento e o autocuidado dos pacientes com diabetes realizando consultas ambulatoriais com uma equipe de saúde multidisciplinar que recebe capacitação contínua. Os dados de referência foram comparados aos resultados pós-programa para os seguintes indicadores: processo (controle metabólico segundo os níveis de hemoglobina glicada [HbA1c], triglicerídeos [TG] e colesterol total [CT]); estrutura (número de módulos do MIDE instalados nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE e número de pacientes/pessoal de saúde credenciados como especialistas/diplomados em diabetes) e impacto (número médio de dias de doença do paciente [DD] e internações hospitalares (IH) por PD por um período de 12 meses). Resultados. No período de estudo de sete anos, o percentual de pacientes com controle metabólico (HbA1c <7,0%, TG <150 mg/dl e CT <200 mg/dl) aumentou significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, atingindo o ponto mais alto de 62% em 2013; P < 0,001). Houve redução dos níveis médios de HbA1c, TG e CT por PD de 25%, 31% e 11%, respectivamente. O número médio de DD e IH por PD em um período de 12 meses teve queda de 38% e 41%, respectivamente. Ao todo, foram instalados 140 módulos do Programa MIDE nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE, 1.117 diplomas foram concedidos a 826 profissionais da saúde e 2.613 PD foram credenciados como “pacientes especialistas em diabetes”. Conclusões. O programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente é viável, utilizável e aceitável às PD. Promove melhor controle metabólico da diabetes, reduz o número de DD e IH e facilita a participação de pacientes, o envolvimento do pessoal da saúde e a tomada de decisão conjunta.

New model for diabetes primary health care based on patient empowerment and the right to preventive health: the MIDE program.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Mexico's national Integrated Management of Diabetes in Stages (Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas, MIDE) program using three types of indicators: process, structure, and impact. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data for 97 452 people with diabetes (PWD) who participated in the MIDE patient empowerment program (PEP) at "MIDE modules" (standardized diabetes health care units) at Mexico's Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE) hospital clinics and family medical clinics nationwide between 2007 and 2014. The program promotes diabetes patient empowerment and self-care through outpatient consultations with a multidisciplinary health care team supported by continuous training. Baseline data were compared with results post-program for the following indicators: process (metabolic control (MetC), based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels); structure (number of MIDE modules installed at ISSSTE clinics and number of patients/health personnel accredited as diabetes experts/awarded diplomas); and impact (average number of patient illness days (IDs) and hospitalization episodes (HEs) per PWD over a 12-month period). RESULTS: Over the seven-year study period, the proportion of patients with MetC (HbA1c < 7.0%, TG < 150 mg/dL, and TC < 200 mg/dL) increased significantly (from 35.4% to 60% (with a peak level of 62% in 2013); P < 0.001); average HbA1c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol per PWD dropped by 25%, 31%, and 11% respectively; average number of IDs and HEs per PWD over a 12-month period dropped by 38% and 41% respectively; a total of 140 MIDE modules were installed at ISSSTE clinics; and a total of 1 117 diplomas were awarded to 826 health professionals, and 2 613 PWD were accredited as "patient experts in diabetes." CONCLUSIONS: The MIDE PEP is feasible, usable, and acceptable to PWD. The program improves MetC; reduces the frequency of IDs and HEs; and facilitates patient participation, the involvement of health personnel, and shared decision-making.

[Evaluation of the FD-66 Scale as a tool for predicting treatment adherence in patients with chronic non-communicable diseasesAvaliação da escala EFD-66 como instrumento para predizer a adesão ao tratamento em pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis]. / Evaluación de la Escala EFD-66 como herramienta para predecir la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to validate the construct of the stages of grief scale (FD-66) as an instrument for measuring the stages of grief and to evaluate its usefulness in discriminating among patients with chronic non-communicable diseases in terms of adherence to the pharmacological treatment prescribed. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2015 to determine the association between the stages of grief and treatment adherence. Data were collected using a prolective design. Three instruments were applied: a sociodemographic document, the FD-66 scale, and the Morisky-Green questionnaire. Patients with a history of CNCDs were recruited from the Gustavo A. Madero Family Medicine Clinic in Mexico City. The data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients were included. It was observed that high scores on the subscales of denial (odds ratio [OR]: 1.124; confidence interval of 95% [CI95%]: 1.066-1.186; P < 0,001); anger (OR: 1.157; CI95%: 1.080-1.240; P < 0.001), and depression (OR: 1.071; CI95%: 1.029-1.116; P = 0.001) are associated with poor treatment adherence; however, a high score on the acceptance subscale (OR: 0.913; CI95%: 0.880-0.948; P < 0.001) is associated with good treatment adherence. The greatest sensitivity among the subscales was observed in the denial and anger stages (area under the [ABC] curve: 0.597 in both). CONCLUSIONS: The FD-66 is an instrument with good construct validity as a tool for measuring the stages of grief and makes it possible to identify patients with CNCD that will adhere to treatment. We therefore recommend its use in outpatient medical consultations. Furthermore, our findings indicate that grief is a risk factor that increases poor treatment adherence.

OBJETIVO: Validar a construção da Escala facial de dor (EFD-66) como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e avaliar sua utilidade para discriminar, na consulta médica ambulatorial, os pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) que aderem ao tratamento medicamentoso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal para determinar a associação entre as fases da dor e o tratamento medicamentoso conduzido de abril a outubro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada prospectivamente. Foram aplicados três instrumentos: uma ficha sociodemográfica, a escala EFD-66 e o teste de Morisky-Green. Foram recrutados pacientes com história de DCNT provenientes da Clínica de Medicina da Família "Gustavo A. Madero", na Cidade do México. Os dados foram analisados com os testes estatísticos apropriados. RESULTADOS: Foi estudada uma amostra de 165 pacientes. Observou-se que uma pontuação alta nas subescalas de negação (odds ratio [OR] 1,124; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,066­1,186; P < 0,001), raiva (OR 1,157; IC95% 1,080­1,240; P < 0,001) e depressão (OR 1,071; IC95% 1,029­1,116; P = 0,001) está associada à não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. No entanto, uma pontuação alta na subescala de aceitação (OR 0,913; IC95% 0,880­0,948; P < 0,001) está associada à adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. As subescalas com maior sensibilidade foram as fases de negação e raiva (área sob a curva [ASC]: 0,597 em ambas). CONCLUSÕES: A escala EFD-66 tem boa validade de construção como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e permite discriminar os pacientes com DCNT que aderem ao tratamento medicamentosos. Assim, recomendamos que esta escala seja aplicada em consultas médicas ambulatoriais. Além disso, nossos achados indicam que a dor é um fator de risco que contribui para a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso.

New model for diabetes primary health care based on patient empowerment and the right to preventive health: the MIDE program / El programa MIDE: un nuevo modelo de atención primaria para la diabetes basado en el empoderamiento de los pacientes y el derecho a la salud preventiva / Novo modelo de atenção primária à saúde de diabetes baseado no empoderamento e no direito à saúde preventiva do paciente: Programa MIDE

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate Mexico's national Integrated Management of Diabetes in Stages (Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas, MIDE) program using three types of indicators: process, structure, and impact. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data for 97 452 people with diabetes (PWD) who participated in the MIDE patient empowerment program (PEP) at "MIDE modules" (standardized diabetes health care units) at Mexico's Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE) hospital clinics and family medical clinics nationwide between 2007 and 2014. The program promotes diabetes patient empowerment and self-care through outpatient consultations with a multidisciplinary health care team supported by continuous training. Baseline data were compared with results post-program for the following indicators: process (metabolic control (MetC), based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels); structure (number of MIDE modules installed at ISSSTE clinics and number of patients/health personnel accredited as diabetes experts/awarded diplomas); and impact (average number of patient illness days (IDs) and hospitalization episodes (HEs) per PWD over a 12-month period). Results Over the seven-year study period, the proportion of patients with MetC (HbA1c < 7.0%, TG < 150 mg/dL, and TC < 200 mg/dL) increased significantly (from 35.4% to 60% (with a peak level of 62% in 2013); P < 0.001); average HbA1c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol per PWD dropped by 25%, 31%, and 11% respectively; average number of IDs and HEs per PWD over a 12-month period dropped by 38% and 41% respectively; a total of 140 MIDE modules were installed at ISSSTE clinics; and a total of 1 117 diplomas were awarded to 826 health professionals, and 2 613 PWD were accredited as "patient experts in diabetes." Conclusions The MIDE PEP is feasible, usable, and acceptable to PWD. The program improves MetC; reduces the frequency of IDs and HEs; and facilitates patient participation, the involvement of health personnel, and shared decision-making.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el programa nacional mexicano "Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas" (MIDE) usando tres tipos de indicadores: proceso, estructura e impacto. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal con los datos de 97 452 personas con diabetes que participaron entre el 2007 y el 2014 en el programa de empoderamiento de pacientes de MIDE que se llevó a cabo en los "módulos del MIDE" (unidades estandarizadas de atención de salud de diabetes) en el Instituto de Servicios y de Seguridad Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) de México, además de en consultorios de hospitales y centros de medicina familiar de todo el país. El programa promueve el empoderamiento y el autocuidado en los pacientes con diabetes mediante consultas ambulatorias con un equipo de atención de salud multidisciplinario complementadas con talleres de capacitación continua. Se compararon los datos iniciales y los resultados al final del programa con respecto a los siguientes indicadores: proceso (control metabólico basado en análisis de los niveles de glucohemoglobina [HbA1c], triglicéridos y colesterol total); estructura (número de módulos del MIDE instalados en clínicas del ISSSTE y número de pacientes y personal de salud acreditado como experto en diabetes o que ha obtenido un certificado); e impacto (número promedio de días enfermos de los pacientes y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses). Resultados En el período de estudio de siete años, la proporción de pacientes con control metabólico (HbA1c < 7,0%, triglicéridos < 150 mg/dL y colesterol total < 200 mg/dL) aumentó significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, con un nivel máximo de 62% en 2013; P < 0,001); el nivel promedio de HbA1c, triglicéridos y colesterol total por persona con diabetes descendió en 25%, 31% y 11% respectivamente; el número promedio de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses descendió en 38% y en 41% respectivamente; se instalaron un total de 140 módulos del MIDE en clínicas del ISSSTE, y se otorgaron un total de 1117 certificados a 826 profesionales de la salud y 2613 personas con diabetes fueron acreditados como "paciente experto en diabetes". Conclusiones El programa de empoderamiento de pacientes del MIDE es un programa factible y aceptable para utilizarse con las personas con diabetes. El programa mejora los valores del control metabólico; reduce la frecuencia de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones; y facilita la participación tanto de los pacientes como del personal de salud, así como la toma de decisiones compartida.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o Programa de manejo integral de diabetes por etapas (MIDE) no México segundo três tipos de indicadores: processo, estrutura e impacto. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados de 97.452 pessoas com diabetes (PD) que participaram do Programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente em "módulos" designados (unidades de saúde que prestam atenção padronizada à diabetes) de ambulatórios hospitalares e centros de medicina da família do Instituto de Serviços e Seguridade Social dos Trabalhadores do Estado (ISSSTE) entre 2007 e 2014. O programa promove o empoderamento e o autocuidado dos pacientes com diabetes realizando consultas ambulatoriais com uma equipe de saúde multidisciplinar que recebe capacitação contínua. Os dados de referência foram comparados aos resultados pós-programa para os seguintes indicadores: processo (controle metabólico segundo os níveis de hemoglobina glicada [HbA1c], triglicerídeos [TG] e colesterol total [CT]); estrutura (número de módulos do MIDE instalados nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE e número de pacientes/pessoal de saúde credenciados como especialistas/diplomados em diabetes) e impacto (número médio de dias de doença do paciente [DD] e internações hospitalares (IH) por PD por um período de 12 meses). Resultados No período de estudo de sete anos, o percentual de pacientes com controle metabólico (HbA1c <7,0%, TG <150 mg/dl e CT <200 mg/dl) aumentou significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, atingindo o ponto mais alto de 62% em 2013; P < 0,001). Houve redução dos níveis médios de HbA1c, TG e CT por PD de 25%, 31% e 11%, respectivamente. O número médio de DD e IH por PD em um período de 12 meses teve queda de 38% e 41%, respectivamente. Ao todo, foram instalados 140 módulos do Programa MIDE nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE, 1.117 diplomas foram concedidos a 826 profissionais da saúde e 2.613 PD foram credenciados como "pacientes especialistas em diabetes". Conclusões O programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente é viável, utilizável e aceitável às PD. Promove melhor controle metabólico da diabetes, reduz o número de DD e IH e facilita a participação de pacientes, o envolvimento do pessoal da saúde e a tomada de decisão conjunta.

Infección por el virus del papiloma humano y su correlación con situaciones ginecológicas u obstétricas de relevancia clínica: estudio transversal / Human papillomavirus infection and its correlates with clinically relevant gynecological and obstetric conditions: A cross-sectional study

Antecedentes y objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y la posible asociación epidemiológica con las situaciones de relevancia clínica en las mujeres. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en la ciudad de México desde enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2014. Se realizó la detección molecular del VPH sobre muestras cervicales. Los datos se analizaron utilizando las pruebas estadísticas adecuadas. Resultados: Se analizó a un total de 1.604 mujeres (mediana 47, rango intercuartílico 38-54). La prevalencia global de infección para cualquier VPH fue del 9,91% (IC 95% 8,6-11,3). Se calculó la asociación entre la infección por VPH-16 y el número de abortos (NA) (OR=1,427; IC 95% 1,091-1,866) mediante el univariate regression model (UVRM, ‘modelo de regresión univariada’). Además, la menarquia (OR=1,566; IC 95% 1,079-2,272), el NA (OR=1,570; IC 95% 1,106-2,227) y el número de embarazos (NE) (OR=0,461; IC 95% 0,260-0,818) tienen una asociación directa e inversa con la infección con el genotipo 18 del VPH, respectivamente. También, la infección por los genotipos VPH-HR tiene una asociación inversa con el NE (OR=0,791; IC 95% 0,707-0,884), los partos normales (OR=0,867; IC 95% 0,767-0,979) y el NA (OR=0,715; IC 95% 0,534-0,959) (UVRM), y una asociación directa con el número de parejas sexuales (OR=1,082; IC 95% 1,015-1,154). El inicio de la actividad sexual tiene una asociación inversa con la infección por el genotipo 16 (UVRM: OR=0,814; IC 95% 0,715-0,926; multinomial regression model (MNRM, ‘modelo de regresión multinomial’): OR=0,803; IC 95% 0,702-0,918) y VPH-HR (UVRM: OR=0,933; IC 95% 0,889-0,980; y MNRM: OR=0,912; IC 95% 0,867-0,959). Todos los valores de p fueron inferiores a 0,03. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la infección cervical por VPH es diferente en relación con la edad, y está asociada a diversas situaciones médicas de relevancia clínica en las mujeres (AU)

Background and objective: To analyze the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the possible epidemiological association with conditions of clinical relevance in women. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study from Mexico City was conducted from January 2012 to December 2014. HPV molecular detection was performed on cervical samples. Data were analyzed with appropriated statistic tests. Results: A total of 1,604 females (median 47, interquartile range 38-54) were analyzed. Global prevalence of infection for any HPV is 9.91% (95% CI 8.6-11.3). An association between infection with 16-HPV and number of abortions (NA) (OR=1.427; 95% CI 1.091-1.866), by univariate regression model (UVRM) was estimated. Moreover, menarche (OR=1.566; 95% CI 1.079-2.272), NA (OR=1.570; 95% CI 1.106-2.227) and number of pregnancies (NP) (OR=0.461; 95% CI 0.260-0.818) have a direct and inverse association with infection by genotype 18 of HPV, respectively. Also, infection with HR-HPV genotypes has an inverse association with NP (OR=0.791; 95% CI 0.707-0.884) by normal labor (OR=0.867; 95% CI 0.767-0.979) and NA (OR=0.715; 95% CI 0.534-0.959) (UVRM), and a direct association with number of sexual partners (OR=1.082; 95% CI 1.015-1.154). Onset of sexual activity has an inverse association with infection by genotype 16- (UVRM: OR=0.814; 95% CI 0.715-0.926; multinomial regression model (MNRM): OR=0.803; 95% CI 0.702-0.918) and HR-HPV (UVRM: OR=0.933; 95% CI 0.889-0.980, and MNRM: OR=0.912; 95% CI 0.867-0.959), allP values were lower than .03. Conclusions: Prevalence of HPV cervical infection is different according to age and it is associated with several medical conditions of clinical relevance in women (AU)

[Human papillomavirus infection and its correlates with clinically relevant gynecological and obstetric conditions: A cross-sectional study]. / Infección por el virus del papiloma humano y su correlación con situaciones ginecológicas u obstétricas de relevancia clínica: estudio transversal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJETIVE: To analyze the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the possible epidemiological association with conditions of clinical relevance in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study from Mexico City was conducted from January 2012 to December 2014. HPV molecular detection was performed on cervical samples. Data were analyzed with appropriated statistic tests. RESULTS: A total of 1,604 females (median 47, interquartile range 38-54) were analyzed. Global prevalence of infection for any HPV is 9.91% (95% CI 8.6-11.3). An association between infection with 16-HPV and number of abortions (NA) (OR=1.427; 95% CI 1.091-1.866), by univariate regression model (UVRM) was estimated. Moreover, menarche (OR=1.566; 95% CI 1.079-2.272), NA (OR=1.570; 95% CI 1.106-2.227) and number of pregnancies (NP) (OR=0.461; 95% CI 0.260-0.818) have a direct and inverse association with infection by genotype 18 of HPV, respectively. Also, infection with HR-HPV genotypes has an inverse association with NP (OR=0.791; 95% CI 0.707-0.884) by normal labor (OR=0.867; 95% CI 0.767-0.979) and NA (OR=0.715; 95% CI 0.534-0.959) (UVRM), and a direct association with number of sexual partners (OR=1.082; 95% CI 1.015-1.154). Onset of sexual activity has an inverse association with infection by genotype 16- (UVRM: OR=0.814; 95% CI 0.715-0.926; multinomial regression model (MNRM): OR=0.803; 95% CI 0.702-0.918) and HR-HPV (UVRM: OR=0.933; 95% CI 0.889-0.980, and MNRM: OR=0.912; 95% CI 0.867-0.959), all P values were lower than .03. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of HPV cervical infection is different according to age and it is associated with several medical conditions of clinical relevance in women.

Necesidad de nuevos modelos de atención primaria de la salud en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos

Señor Editor, Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) son un problema de salud pública debido a su magnitud y trascendencia como enfermedades altamente prevenibles. Esto demanda un esfuerzo concertado para mejorar los servicios preventivos de atención primaria de salud (APS) como prioridad mundial. La Organización Mundial de la Salud indica que las ENT están relacionadas con el fallecimiento de 38 millones de personas cada año. De ellas, 16 millones ocurren antes de los 70 años, y 28 millones se producen en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, donde 82% de las muertes son prematuras (1). Este escenario plantea retos importantes en el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias y políticas de salud pública que requieren soluciones multidimensionales para estos problemas complejos. Por lo tanto, el sistema de salud requiere nuevos modelos de APS ya que estos todavía están estructurados para responder a problemas agudos y urgentes de la población y gastan una gran cantidad de recursos para el proceso curativo...